Alman asili Amerikali yazar, sanat ve film kuramcisi, algisal psikolog Rudolf Arnheim’in dogum yildonumu ( 15 Temmuz 1904 )
“ On yedinci ve on sekizinci yuzyiln Rasyonalistleri, Duns Scotus gibi ortacag felsefecilerinden, duyu iletilerinin karmasik ve belirsiz oldugu ve onlari netlestirmek icin akil yurutmenin gerekli oldugu mefhumunu devralmislardi. Isin ilginc yani, akil yurutme gibi alginin da mukemmel bir duruma ulasabilecegini ileri surerek yeni estetik disiplinine adini veren Alexander Baumgarten yine de, algiyi iki bilissel gucun daha asagi konumda olani olarak tanimlama gelenegini surdurmustu; guya algi, sadece ustun akil yurutme yeteneginin urunu olan ayirt edicilik ozelliginden yoksundu.
Bu gorus, psikoloji kuramiyla sinirli degildi. Guzel sanatlari Liberal Sanatlardan dislama gelenegi de bu goruse uygulama alani ve destek saglamistir. Ozgur bir insan tarafindan uygulanmaya deger sanatlarin sadece bunlar oldugu dusunuldugu icin bu sekilde adlandirilan Liberal Sanatlar dil ve matematikle ilgiliydi. Tek tek sayacak olursak Gramer, Diyalektik ve Retorik sozcuk sanatlariydi; Aritmetik, Geometri, Astronomi ve Muzik matematige dayaniyordu. Resim ve heykel, emek ve zanaatkarlik gerektiren Mekanik Sanatlar arasinda sayiliyordu. Muzige buyuk saygi duyulmasi ve guzel sanatlarin kucuk gorulmesi elbette, Devlet adli yapitinda, kahramanlarin egitimi icin muzigin sart oldugunu soyleyen Platon'dan kaynaklanmaktaydi; Platon muzigi, duyularin erisim alaninin otesine yerlestiriyordu; buna karsin sanatlara, ozellikle de resme ihtiyatla yaklasmak gerekiyordu, cunku insanin yanilsamaya dayali imgelere bagimliligini guclendiriyorlardi . ” Gorsel Dusunme
“ From medieval philosophers, such as Duns Scotus, the rationalists of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries derived the notion that the messages of the senses are confused and indistinct and that it takes reasoning to clarify them. Ironically enough, Alexander Baumgarten, who gave the new discipline of aesthetics its name by asserting that perception, just as reasoning, could attain a state of perfection, continued nevertheless the tradition ofdescribing perception as the inferior of the two cognition powers because it supposedly lacked the distinctness that comes only from the superior faculty of reasoning.
This view was not limited to the theory of psychology. It had application and support in the traditional exclusion of ¡he fine arts from the Liberal Arts. The Liberal Arts. so named because they were the only ones worthy of being practiced by a free mano dealt with Ianguage and mathematics. Specifically. Grammar. Dialectic. and Rhetoric were the arts of words: Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy and Music were based on mathematics. Painting and sculpture were among the Mechanical Arts, which required labor and craftsmanship. The high esteem of music and ¡he disdain of the fine arts derived. of course from Plato, who in his Repllblic had recommended music for the education or heroes because it made human beings partake in the mathematical order and harmony or the cosmos localed beyond the reach of the senses: whereas Ihe arts. and particularly painting, were to be treated with caution because they strengthened man's dependence on illusory images. ”



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